نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسنده
دانش آموخته دکتری روابط بین الملل دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد رفسنجان
چکیده
مسأله مهاجرت برای روسیه یک انتخاب نیست، بلکه برای حفظ جمعیت و نیروی کار این کشور ضروری است. با این همه، سیاست مهاجرت روسیه فراگیر و یکپارچه نیست و با مشکل اصلی فقدان بیان صریح اهداف آن مواجه است. علاوه بر این، مهاجرین خارجی اغلب نه تنها در معرض اتهام سلب منافع اجتماعی-اقتصادی شهروندان بومی روسیه قرار دارند، بلکه همچنین به عنوان تهدیدی برای همگونی فرهنگی و قومی جامعه و هویت ملی این کشور نیز تلقی میشوند. مقاله حاضر پدیده مهاجرت را هم از منظر رقابتهای اقتصادی و هم از چشم انداز ملی گرایی، هویت ملی و تعصبات قومی مورد ارزیابی قرار داده است. پرسش اصلی مقاله این است که «دلیل اصلی مخالفت عمومی اقوام عمده روسیه و به ویژه روسها با مهاجرت گسترده به روسیه چیست؟» و این فرضیه به آزمون گذشته شده است که «دلیل اصلی مخالفت عمومی در روسیه با مهاجرت گسترده به این کشور، نه تعصبات نژادی و قومی بلکه ترس از عدم سازگاری مهاجرین با فرهنگ و ارزشهای جامعه روسیه است». در همین راستا، چارچوب مفهومی پژوهش به تبیین نظری منابع احساسات ضد مهاجرتی از طریق مرور ادبیات پژوهشی پیرامون موضوع اختصاص یافته است. یافته های مقاله نیز که از نوع کتابخانه ای بوده و از روش توصیفی-تحلیلی بهره برده است، مؤید فرضیه مقاله است.
کلیدواژهها
- رشیدی، احمد (1395)، «رهیافتهای متعارض در سیاست خارجی روسیه»، مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی 9(2): 249-267.
- Akturk, S. (2012), Regimes of Ethnicity and Nationhood in Germany, Russia, and Turkey, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Akturk, S. (2014), “How Immigration Aids Russia’s Transformation into an Assimilationist Nation-State”, PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo, No. 347, Available at: http://www.ponarseurasia.org/sites/default/files/policy-memos-pdf/Pepm347_Akturk_September2014.pdf, Accessed on: 11 May 2019.
- Alexseev, M. A. (2004), “Chinese Migration into Primorskii Krai: Economic Effects and Interethnic Hostility”, Slavic Research Center (pp. 329-364), Sapporo: Hokkaido University.
- Alexseev, M. A. (2010), “Majority and Minority Xenophobia in Russia: The Importance of Being Titulars”, Post-Soviet Affairs 26(2): 89–120.
- Alexseev, M. A. (2011), “Societal Security, the Security Dilemma, and Extreme Anti-Migrant Hostility in Russia”, Journal of Peace Research 48(4): 509-523.
- Andrienko, Y. and Guriev, S. (2005), “Understanding Migration in Russia”, Center for Economic and Financial Research at New Economic School, No. 23, Available at: http://www.cefir.ru/download.php?id=216, Accessed on: 4 April 2019.
- Babichenko, K. N. (2014), “Victimized Majority: Latent Politics of Ethnic Discrimination in Post-Soviet Russia”, Rivista Di Criminologia 3(2): 46-67.
- Bessudnov, A. (2016), “Ethnic Hierarchy and Public Attitudes towards Immigrants in Russia”, European Sociological Review 32(5): 567–580.
- Bisson, L. (2016), “Russia’s Immigration Policy: New Challenges and Tools”, Russie Nei Visions, No. 91, Available at:
https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/ifri_rnv_91_lioubov_bisson_eng_january_2016_protege.pdf, Accessed on: 11 April 2019.
- Brunarska, Z. (2019), “Anti-Immigrant Attitudes in Russia: The Group Position Model Reconsidered”, Europe-Asia Studies 28(2): 1-24.
- Ceobanu, A. and Escandell, X. (2010), “Comparative Analyses of Public Attitudes toward Immigrants and Immigration Using Multinational Survey Data: A Review of Theories and Research”, Annual Review of Sociology 36(1): 309-328.
- Ceobanu, A. M. and Escandell, X. (2010), “Comparative Analyses of Public Attitudes toward Immigrants and Immigration Using Multinational Survey Data: A Review of Theories and Research”, Annual Review of Sociology 36(1): 309–328.
- Chudinovskikh, O. and Denisenko, M. (2017), “Russia: A Migration System with Soviet Roots”, MPI: Migration Policy Institute, 18 May, Available at: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/print/15920#.WxBTju6FPX4, Accessed on: 7 April 2019.
- Codagnone, C. (1998), New Migration and Migration Politics in Post-Soviet Russia, Rom: SS/CEMES for the Ethnobarometer Programme.
- Davidov, E. and Semyonov, M. (2017), “Attitudes toward Immigrants in European Societies”, International Journal of Comparative Sociology 58(5): 359-366.
- Denisenko, M. (2017), “Migration to Russia and the Current Economic Crisis”, in A. Pikulicka-Wilczewska and G. Uehling (Eds.), Migration and the Ukraine Crisis (pp. 129–148), Bristol: E-International Relations.
- FSSS (2018), “Indicators of International Migration”, Federal State Statistics Service, Available at:
http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/en/figures/population, Accessed on: 10 April 2019.
- Giuliano, E. (2011), Constructing Grievance: Ethnic Nationalism in Russia's Republics, London: Cornell University Press.
- Gorodzeisky, A. (2018), “Opposition to Immigration in Contemporary Russia”, Post-Soviet Affairs 35(3):205-222.
- Grigoryan, L. (2016), “National Identity and Anti-Immigrant Attitudes; The Case of Russia”, in J. Grimm, L. Huddy, P. Schmidt and J. Seethaler (Eds.), Dynamics of National Identity: Media and Societal Factors of What We Are (pp. 206-218), New York: Routledge.
- Herrer, Y. M. (2016), “Pride versus Prejudice: Ethnicity, National Identity, and Xenophobia in Russia”, Comparative Politics 48(3): 293-315.
- Laruelle, M. (2014), “The Ideological Shift on the Russian Radical Right; From Demonizing the West to Fear of Migrants”, Problems of Post-Communism 57(6): 19-31.
- Larys, M. and Mares, M. (2011), “Right-Wing Extremist Violence in the Russian Federation” Europe-Asia Studies 63(1): 129-154.
- Leonova, A. (2009), “Electoral Choice, Cultural Capital, and Xenophobic Attitudes in Russia, 1994–2006”, in M. Laruelle (Ed.), Russian Nationalism and the Reassertion of Russia (pp. 13-48), New York: Routledge.
- Malinkin, M. E. (2013), A Wary Welcome: Varying Reception of Migrants in Russian Cities, Washington D C: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
- Markowitz, L. P. and Peshkova, V. (2016), “Anti-Immigrant Mobilization in Russia's Regions: Local Movements and Framing Processes”, Post-Soviet Affairs 32(3): 272-298.
- Mayda, A. (2006), “Who is Against Immigration? A Cross-Country Investigation of Attitudes towards Immigrants”, Review of Economics and Statistics 88(3): 510-530.
- Mihaylova, I. (2017), “Russia’s New Concept of the State Migration Policy until 2025: a Reform towards Effective Policies for International Economic Migrants?”, Geopolitics, History, and International Relations 9(1): 176–214.
- Minescu, A. (2012), Relative Group Position and Intergroup Attitudes in Russia, Utrecht: Utrecht University Repository.
- Motrich, E. L. (2018), “Dynamics of Demographic Processes in the Russian Far East as a Condition of Economic Development”, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, No. 463, Available at:
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/463/4/042082/pdf, Accessed on: 12 April 2019.
- Mukomel, V. (2013), “Labour Mobility of Migrants from CIS Countries in Russia”, Central and Eastern European Migration Review 2(2): 21-38.
- Mukomel, V. (2019), “Russia Needs Immigrants but Lacks a Coherent Immigration Policy”, World Politics Review, 14 May, Available at:
https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/trend-lines/27852/russia-needs-immigrants-but-lacks-a-coherent-immigration-policy, Accessed on: 23 May 2019.
- President of Russia (2018), “Executive Order on Russia’s State Migration Policy Concept for 2019–2025”, Presidential Executive Office, 31 October, Available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/58986, Accessed on: 8 May 2019.
- RNA (22 Feb 2017), “Russia's Defense Chief to Mobilize New Cyber Army”, Russian News Agency, Available at:
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-21/understanding-the-facebook-cambridge-analytica-story-quicktake, Accessed on: 12 April 2019.
- Schenk, C. (2018), “Russian Immigration Control: Symbol over Substance”, PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo, No. 518, March, Available at: http://www.ponarseurasia.org/sites/default/files/policy-memos-pdf/Pepm518_Schenk_March2018.pdf, Accessed on: 7 April 2019.
- Semyonov, M., Raijman, R. and Forodzeisky, A. (2008), “Foreigners’ Impact on European Societies: Public Views and Perceptions in a Cross-National Comparative Perspective”, International Journal of Comparative Sociology 49(1): 5-29.
- Sokolovskiy, S. (2015), “Indigenous Identity and the Construction of Indigeneity in Russian Political Practice and Law”, in M. Martynova, D. Peterson, R. Ignatiev and N. Madariaga (Eds.), Peoples, Identities and Regions: Spain, Russia and the Challenges of the Multi-ethnic State (pp. 191-208), Moscow: IEA RAS.
- Talukdar, I. (2019), “Russia’s State Migration Policy Concept 2019–2025”, The Russian International Affairs Council (RIAC), 25 June, Available at: https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/ifri_rnv_91_lioubov_bisson_eng_january_2016_protege.pdf, Accessed on: 29 June 2019.
- Tetruashvily, E. (2012), “How Did We Become Illegal? Impacts of Post-Soviet Shifting Migration Politics on Labor Migration Law in Russia”, REGION: Regional Studies of Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia 1(1): 53-73.
- United Nations (2015), “Trends in Total Migrant Stock: 2008 Revision”, United Nations Population Division, Available at:
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.TOTL.ZS?locations=RU, Accessed on: 13 April 2019.
- Uslaner, E. (2012), Segregation and Mistrust: Diversity, Isolation and Social Cohesion, New York: Cambridge University Press.
- WPR (2019), “Immigration and Integration Policy around the World”, World Politics Review, 14 May, Available at:
https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/trend-lines/27852/russia-needs-immigrants-but-lacks-a-coherent-immigration-policy, Accessed on: 8 May 2019.