‍Central Asia and The Caucasus Journal

Abstract The present study aims to phenomenologically analyze the strategies for resolving water disputes between Iran and Afghanistan in the Harirud Basin. This study, using a qualitative approach and interpretive phenomenology method, examines the perceptions and experiences of experts in the fields of water, international relations, and the environment in 1403 to 1404. Sampling was purposefully conducted based on the principle of theoretical saturation, and a total of 20 in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 people. The data were analyzed using grounded theory and three-stage coding (open, axial, and selective). The findings showed that the strategies for resolving water disputes between Iran and Afghanistan are categorized into 116 open codes and 11 main categories including “mutual benefits”, “formal and informal diplomacy”, “international institutions”, “education and empowerment”, “economic interactions”, “environmental issues”, “scientific and local synergy”, “executive will”, “cultural and social interactions”, “transparency” and “strategic document”. These categories were organized into seven general areas: political, social, cultural, economic, legal and environmental. The results of this study can help policymakers and decision-makers in responsible institutions to design sustainable solutions and reduce water tensions, especially in the Harirud basin.

Abstract Within the anarchic framework of the international system, governments adjust their foreign policy by their interests and environmental conditions. Russia has also adopted a policy based on smart power in the Middle East by combining hard and soft power. The country has used hard power to confront fundamentalist groups and, at the same time, has strengthened its position as a balanced actor on the issue of Palestine and Sionist regime by utilizing soft power. This research shows that Russia's main goal has been to maintain geopolitical interests, reduce costs, and increase regional influence. Moscow has also tried to establish its international image as a peace mediator. This dual policy has been a smart response to the geopolitical complexities of the Middle East.