‍Central Asia and The Caucasus Journal

Abstract Although Turkey has no energy resources, it has long sought to become an energy hub in the region. However, as Europe terminated the South Stream pipeline contract in response to the Ukrainian crisis, Russia's proposal to establish the Turkish Stream Pipeline will have a major impact on achieving this goal.There are many questions about the reasons and consequences of the establishment of the Turkish Stream Pipeline at the domestic, regional and international levels. The present paper seeks to find an appropriate answer to the following fundamental question from a regional perspective: How the new Russian-Turkish energy relations, in particular the Turkish Stream Pipeline, affect the geopolitics of energy in Central Eurasia? In response, the following hypothesis is tested: The new Russian-Turkish energy relations, and in particular the Turkish Stream Pipeline, through changing energy game in the Russian-European-Turkish triangle and reducing the security dimensions of the energy issue in Central Eurasia will help creating geopolitical energy balance in Central Eurasia and between Central Eurasia and Europe in favor of economic dimensions. The findings of the paper also confirm the hypothesis showing relative strengthening of the process of de-securitization of energy relations in Central Eurasia, among the Central Eurasian countries and with Europe as a result of the expansion of Russia-Turkey energy relations, what reinforces marginal actors and creates geopolitical energy balance in the region. This paper utilizes a descriptive-analytical methodology and library resources.

Abstract Russian Federation is recognized as the main inheritor of Soviet Union on December 31, 1991 which was able to collect eleven newly independent Republics in the post-Soviet. Russian policy toward Central Eurasian region indicates that, the country is trying to preserve surrounding area at the same time to be effective in the process and policies of these countries. Therefore multilateral approach, formation and strengthening of regional organization are important approaches of Russia for aligning of central Eurasian countries with its goals, interests and policies In this study, based on the importance of multilateralism and integration of views on Russia's foreign policy, the collect efforts by Russian to create integration in the central Eurasia will be discussed in the three sets: integration of politics, security and economics and more important than, that success or failure of Russia in this  field will be evaluated. Thus the main question of this research is "What are the challenges and limitation of Russian Federation in creating regional integration in central Eurasian?"And the finding of this research shows that economic restrictions in Russia in responding to material and technological needs of the region, some important challenges  facing the central  Eurasian region and barriers to trans-regional, such as the presence and intervention of trans-regional actor are the most important Russian challenges to create integration in central Eurasia.

Abstract More than two decades has passed since presenting the first design proposal for economic cooperation among the countries of Central Eurasia in 1994and forming the Eurasian Economic Union in 2015. During this period and in order to create economic integration in Central Eurasia, different acts, including the formation of the Eurasian economic community aimed at expanding and coordinating economic activities as well as the creation of the customs union and common economic environmentamong regional countries have been carried out to facilitate economic relations. Now, the main question is to what extent the post-Soviet economic integration in Central Eurasia has been successful over the years? To answer this question, based on international politics and four variables in Cantouri and Spiegel models, and in particular, in the case of economic and international political economy, the issue has been investigated. Furthermore, based on these two views, the rate of success in economic integrations has been studied. The study shows that the success rate of economic integration in Central Eurasia has not been remarkable and will be remained weak if the past patterns are followed up. However, the region has got the neglected capacities that can change this path.