Since its independence in 1991, Kyrgyzstan has so far faced with several political crises. Its people dissatisfaction of inappropriate performances by the political system in solving ...
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Since its independence in 1991, Kyrgyzstan has so far faced with several political crises. Its people dissatisfaction of inappropriate performances by the political system in solving the problems of society, resulted to a wave of protests, objections and finally revolutions against the two governments of Asker Akayev toppled on 24 March 2005 (the Tulip Revolution) and of Kurmanbek Bakiyev toppled in April 2010 (the Colorless Revolution).
Analyzing the issue through theories of two main orthodox political sociologists: Max Weber and Lucien Pie, this article is trying to find from the perspective of political sociology, the main reason made Kyrgyzstan so unstable in the Central Asia and the factors affecting the formation of political crises in Kyrgyzstan since its independence to the collapse of the Tulip Revolution in April 2010. To the author's view, managing the political crisis in Kyrgyzstan is only possible through inhibition of crossover crises as well as institutionalization of nation building process and the government's ability to keep its monopoly in using force. This research is based on literature sources and descriptive-analytical methodology.
This article studies the situation of Muslims in Russia in two-levels: firstly, the relationship within the Muslim community and secondly, their relationship with the church. Differences ...
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This article studies the situation of Muslims in Russia in two-levels: firstly, the relationship within the Muslim community and secondly, their relationship with the church. Differences between Muslim leaders and the Islamic organizations of the Russian Federation and how the Russian government benefits from these controversies are studied in this article. Also, the religious and administrative organizations of Muslims in Russia have been investigated. Competition between Islamic organizations and the RussianChurch as the second most important rival for Islamic organizations and Muslims (beside the government) is another influential matter in this article. This paper hypothesizes that the main feature of Islam in Russia is the institutional conflict between Muslim leaders and organizations with each other on one hand and the serious competition between these and the Orthodox Church leaders and organizations (with the Russian government support). To control Muslims and preventing from their empowerment, the central government in Moscow Kremlin is exploiting the institutional controversies within the leading personalities and organizations.
China and the Central Asian countries had significant historical ties with each other. After the end of the Cold War, however, these relations boosted up dramatically in various fields. ...
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China and the Central Asian countries had significant historical ties with each other. After the end of the Cold War, however, these relations boosted up dramatically in various fields. In a realistic approach, this article bases on an assumption that security is the most basic factor in relations between China and the other Central Asian countries and China's other objectives in the region are shadowed by this issue.
Accordingly, this article attempts to analyze the factors such as the role of border security and terrorism in the relations between China and the Central Asian states and to explore Beijing's strategies to overcome challenges to regional security and developing security interactions with neighboring countries.
Various factors affecting decision making process has made a generalized foreign policy behavior impossible for some countries as each actor has a response entirely different to same ...
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Various factors affecting decision making process has made a generalized foreign policy behavior impossible for some countries as each actor has a response entirely different to same approach and this is primary due to different combinations of internal and external factors that can be helpful in pattern making of foreign policy variables. Many have discussed the affecting factors on foreign decision making, but James Rosenau have spoken out the "pre-theory" model to examine these variables in four important levels of dignity, territorial, human and inhuman.
This article is to survey the role of these factors in Russia's today foreign policy making process. Using a foreign policy pre-theory, does not necessarily lead to determination nor to impenetrability, but provide us helpful bases for adjusting and examining foreign policy of different countries in a variety of conditions and the Russian Federation is no exception. Analyzing foreign policy decision making in the Russian Federation based on Rosenau's pre-theory model, the article is to utilize from both micro and macro levels to clarify not only the internal structures that involved in specific decisions but the international system variable affecting this process.
In recent years, relations between the Russia Federation and the south littoral states have experienced some developments. While Russia is continuing its main role in the area, the ...
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In recent years, relations between the Russia Federation and the south littoral states have experienced some developments. While Russia is continuing its main role in the area, the role of other regional and international actors, such as United States and NATO is increasingly challenging the Russian interests in its vital backyard, the Near Abroad, as called by Russians. To face these challenges and secure its national security and vital interests, Russia is trying to find an effective and less expensive solution.
Considering the new conditions of the region, wherein Moscow is unable to discard all rivals from the Central Asia and especially Caucasus political arena, Russian policy and effectiveness has directed and seems to be continued toward not letting its rival strategies achieve their expected results. Russia is also trying to utilize from its privileged economic, political, military situation in the region to control foreign policy behavior of the Caucuses republics in order to eliminate those factors that are in Russian view contradicting with its national security and interests. In this way Russia hopes preventing or delaying the region in its integration with the West political and security structures.
Volume 16, Issue 70 , November 2011, Pages 121-160
Abstract
Energy security is generally defined as to the availability of adequate and reliable supply of energy to meet the demand and is of issues linked directly to the governments and the ...
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Energy security is generally defined as to the availability of adequate and reliable supply of energy to meet the demand and is of issues linked directly to the governments and the political units. Having considerable reserves of energy and privileged geopolitical situation (neighboring the two oil-rich Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea regions), Iran has always drown the regional as well as international powers' attention.
Iran's situation in oil and gas production and their transportation in a relatively stable Persian Gulf have always been acknowledged by all actors, but this role in the Caspian Sea requires more attention within the Iranian decision-makers due to severe and rapid changes after the Soviet collapse. In addition to serious attempts in reaching consensus on the Caspian Sea legal regime based on our national interests, extensive ties with the Caspian Sea littoral states, especially the Russian Federation and the Republics of Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan should not be neglected.
This article is attempting to discuss different aspects of energy security, Iran's stand, current and under construction transportation routes and the policies pursued by international and regional powers.
