The Present literature focuses on the rise of East and delivers an assessment on Asia’s position in post-bipolar international system and scrutinizes the challenges, perspectives ...
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The Present literature focuses on the rise of East and delivers an assessment on Asia’s position in post-bipolar international system and scrutinizes the challenges, perspectives and possibilities of this evolution. The twin conceptions of East and West in contemporary history of international politics and its evolution from a bipolar system to the post-cold war era is scrutinized, as well as the twin conceptions of Asia and Europe in this period and their position in the time of transformation of international system. The impact of geographic areas around Asia on the role of this continent is also noticed in the framework of geopolitical competitions. The historical opportunity of conceptualization in Asian politics is also under analysis.
Russia’s involvement in the Ukrainian conflict was an attempt to react to the continuation of conflict in Ukraine in 2014 and the West interference in their internal affairs. ...
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Russia’s involvement in the Ukrainian conflict was an attempt to react to the continuation of conflict in Ukraine in 2014 and the West interference in their internal affairs. Russia’s actions vis-à-vis Ukraine was considered by western powers as an insult of a revisionist power. Given the uncertainty over the behaviors of the actors in the Ukrainian quagmire, there is a need for a thorough analysis on the developments in this country. The fragility of social structure in Ukraine is in part to due the influence exerted on this country by key players in the international community. The primary tool for influencing matters is resorting to soft power resources. Due to its nature, which could be influenced by intangible factors such as culture, ideology, and its implementation, it is rather difficult to determine its efficacy. As an important player in the international arena, Russia attempted to use this power less than a decade ago in the territories on the western side of the Soviet Union, including Ukraine. For the United States and the European Union, Ukraine emanates critical strategic implications for their current and future foreign policy agendas. This paper describes the framework of the Ukrainian community through documentary and historical methods, and will answer the following question: How soft power tools employed by the West and Russia influence events/developments in Ukraine? This paper's hypothesis is that the fragility in the social structure of Ukraine has paved way for the intrusion of key players into the conflict.
Strategic decision-making in foreign policy arena needs a strict cognition of external realities, self-potentialities, scrutinizing possible options, and an exact calculation of the ...
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Strategic decision-making in foreign policy arena needs a strict cognition of external realities, self-potentialities, scrutinizing possible options, and an exact calculation of the costs and the achievements of each action. Therefore, cognition and analysis of the environment is a necessity for foreign policy and is in the center of executive attention. This necessity is rooted in the activeness of the environment and ignoring it would lead to some irreparable damages that would endanger national security and interests. Having a clear perspective towards future events/developments is another advantage of environment analysis, which helps avoid facing unpredictable events. Central Asia region in the neighboring of Iran is a priority area for its foreign policy. Iran and the region of Central Asia are interconnected to the extent that developments in each impact the other. Therefore a systematic and scientific study on the evolutions of Central Asia is essential for the foreign policy of Iran. Using scientific methods of environment analysis in the field of strategic management, the authors attempt to find an appropriate model for environment analysis in Central Asia.
With the end of the Cold War a new structure emerged in the international system, which was complex, but manageable. Russia, the US, and the EU cooperated together to solve their common ...
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With the end of the Cold War a new structure emerged in the international system, which was complex, but manageable. Russia, the US, and the EU cooperated together to solve their common problems. Meanwhile, some events such as NATO invasion of Kosovo (1999) and Russia- Georgia war (2008) brought about some challenges among these actors. Despite these problems, the cooperation among these old rivals had created a situation in which all parties respected the Helsinki Final Act.
The Ukraine crisis damaged these relatively good relations between Russia and the West, which started with the fall of the Berlin Wall. This crisis was an end to a period of cooperation between them in which the Western countries failed to integrate Russia in its desired structures. The new crisis in addition to the creation of intense political tensions has influenced other areas of cooperation especially the trade and economic relations. The West-Russia economic war over Ukraine has emerged in the format of reciprocal sanctions. In fact, the main question of this article is that “which factors have resulted in the emergence of the crisis between Russia and the EU and what are the dimensions and consequences of the EU’s sanctions against Russia?”
The hypothesis is that some factors including the NATO expansion, the EU expansion and the US and EU’s economic and political actions in the Russia’s “Near Abroad” are among the most important causes for the recent crisis between the EU and Russia. The research approach used in this article is analytic-descriptive.
Ukraine crisis and the application of sanctions against Russia by the US and the EU as a result of this crisis is the first experience of multilateral sanctions against Russia after ...
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Ukraine crisis and the application of sanctions against Russia by the US and the EU as a result of this crisis is the first experience of multilateral sanctions against Russia after the Cold War. This study addresses the mechanism of sanctions against Russia. The research tries to answer the following question: What are the mechanism of sanctions against Russia? To answer this question, the following hypothesis is designed: mechanism of the sanctions that are imposed against Russia in the form of a multilateral regime, involves substantive, decision making, implementation and monitoring parts.
In substantive part, two political principles are studied as the basis of multilateral sanctions against Russia: First, US efforts to maintain its hegemonic position against recreate of the Soviet Union in the form of the Eurasian Union; second, EU efforts to maintain European order against Russian’s interventionism. From a decision making perspective, decision-making institutions in the US, including the executive and the Congress have been studied. In the European Union, similarly, the role of European council and European commission are studied as well as the documents, which give the authority to make decisions on sanctions. Finally, from an executive perspective, the Department of Treasury, the Department of State, the Office of Foreign Assets Control, and the Department of Energy in the US and the European commission in European Union are scrutinized.
Ukraine has an important position in the foreign policy of Russia. Geopolitical location as well as cultural and historical commonalities is vital to Ukraine’s position in the ...
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Ukraine has an important position in the foreign policy of Russia. Geopolitical location as well as cultural and historical commonalities is vital to Ukraine’s position in the Russian foreign policy. Ukraine can design and employ a flexible and pragmatic policy as an opportunity to serve its national interests. The research question is to what extent are the consequences of political crises in Ukraine's foreign policy towards Russia and the West? The hypothesis of this article is that, The Ukrainian unilateral foreign policy toward the West has led to various crises in this country, which has endangered its national interests and territorial integrity. Ukrainian civil war can be seen in this context. Changes that began in 2013 in Ukraine were another aspect of the pro-West and anti-Russian efforts. In conclusion, the civil war and the separatist factions in Ukraine have turned this country an area for rivalry between Russia and the West.
