This study examines the impact of the C5+1 Initiative on Central Asia's security structure from its establishment in 2015 to 2024. The main objective is to analyze how this initiative has influenced patterns of security cooperation and competition in the region. The theoretical framework combines Regional Security Complex Theory, the concept of securitization, and reference group theory, enabling a comprehensive examination of the region's security dynamics. The research methodology is based on qualitative content analysis of official documents and reports, as well as review of secondary sources including academic articles and analytical reports. Findings indicate that while the C5+1 Initiative has brought about changes in the region's security structure and increased strategic options for Central Asian countries, it has also created challenges in maintaining these countries' independence of action. Although effective, this initiative has not played a decisive role in shaping the region's security future. The increasing competition among great powers in the region has formed complex security dynamics that require intelligent management by regional countries. Results suggest that the future security structure of Central Asia will be shaped by a complex interaction between cooperation and competition, with the C5+1 Initiative potentially serving as a catalyst for this interaction. The long-term success of political and security initiatives in Central Asia depends on addressing the region's real needs, balancing the interests of great powers with the independence of regional countries, strengthening intra-regional cooperation, and developing domestic capacities.