نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسنده
استادیار گروه روابط بین الملل، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی
چکیده
برنامه «همکاری اقتصادی منطقهای آسیای مرکزی» موسوم به کارک یک گردهمآیی منطقهای با حضور 11 کشور از آسیای مرکزی، جنوب آسیا، قفقاز جنوبی و چین است که در سال 2001 از سوی بانک توسعه آسیایی تأسیس شد و دستاوردهای قابل ملاحظهای را در همکاری اقتصادی منطقهای بهویژه در چهار حیطه دارای اولویت «حمل ونقل، انرژی، تسهیل تجارت و خطمشی تجاری» به ثبت رسانده است. کارک از طریق برنامه کار انرژی در صدد است با تدوین راهبردها و طرحهایی در زمینه مشارکت آسیای مرکزی-جنوب آسیا و درون آسیای مرکزی، امنیت انرژی منطقه را ارتقا بخشد. با اینهمه، کارک برای نیل به این هدف با چالشهایی مواجه است که بخش عمدهای از آنها به خود این ابتکار بازمیگردد. مقاله حاضر نیز درپی یافتن پاسخی برای این پرسش است که «آیا برنامه کار انرژی کارک، ظرفیت ارتقای امنیت انرژی در آسیای مرکزی را دارد و چرا؟» فرضیه آغازین مقاله این بوده است که «کارک، اگرچه مهمترین ابتکار منطقهای برای توسعه سطح امنیت انرژی در آسیای مرکزی محسوب میشود، اما به دلایلی همچون در اولویت قراردادن طرحهای دوجانبه/چندجانبه درعوض طرحهای منطقهای همهجانبه؛ تمرکز بر سودآوری برای سرمایهگذاران بهجای انتقال فناوری به درون منطقه؛ و عدم تثبیت بهمثابه موجودیتی حقیقتا منطقهای و مستقر در منطقه آسیای مرکزی از ظرفیت بالایی برای ارتقای امنیت انرژی در آسیای مرکزی برخوردار نیست». یافته های مقاله نیز که به شیوه توصیفی-تحلیلی و با روش اسنادی-کتابخانه ای انجام پذیرفته است، نشان از صدق این فرضیه دارد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
- ADB (13 November 2015), “Proposed Multitranche Financing Facility Energy Supply Improvement Investment Program (Afghanistan)”, Asian Development Bank, Available at:
https://www.gtai.de/GTAI/Content/DE/Trade/Fachdaten/PRO/2015/12/Anlagen/PRO201512235002.pdf?v=1, Accessed on: 17 August 2018.
- ADB (20 November 2017), “ADB Supports Afghanistan to Boost Energy Supply”, Asian Development Bank, Available at: https://www.adb.org/news/adb-supports-afghanistan-boost-energy-supply, Accessed on: 17 August 2018.
- ADB (2014), Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Corridor Performance Measurement and Monitoring: A Forward-Looking Retrospective, Philippines: Asian Development Bank.
- ADB (September 2017), “Turkmenistan, 2017–2021—Catalyzing Regional Cooperation and Integration, and Economic Diversification”, Asian Development Bank, Available at: https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/372856/cps-tkm-2017-2021.pdf, Accessed on: 11 August 2018.
- Aminjonov, F. (2017), Afghanistan’s Energy Security Tracing Central Asian Countries’ Contribution, Bonn: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
- Azzuni, A. and Breyer, C. (2018), “Definitions and Dimensions of Energy Security: a Literature Review”, WIREs Energy Environ 7(2): 1-43.
- Bordoff, J., Halff, A. and Losz, A. (2018), New Realities, New Risks: Rethinking the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, New York: ColumbiaUenergy.
- CAREC (2008), “Strategy for Regional Cooperation in the Energy Sector of CAREC Countries”, The Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation, Available at: https://www.carecprogram.org/uploads/CAREC-Regional-Cooperation-Strategy-in-Energy.pdf, Accessed on: 29 July 2018.
- CAREC (April 2018), “ADB and CAREC”, The Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation, Available at:
https://www.carecprogram.org/?page_id=8766, Accessed on: 12 August 2018.
- CAREC (January 2018), “Projects List”, The Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation, Available at:
https://www.carecprogram.org/?page_id=1726&paged=1&project_status[]=completed&project_status[]=ongoing§or[]=energy, Accessed on: 20 August 2018.
- CAREC (July 2018), “ADB and CAREC”, The Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation, Available at:
https://www.carecprogram.org/?page_id=13630, Accessed on: 12 August 2018.
- CAREC (June 2011), “A Strategic Framework for the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program 2011–2020”, The Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation, Available at:
https://www.carecprogram.org/uploads/CAREC-2020-Strategic-Framework-Working-Draft.pdf, Accessed on: 5 August 2018.
- CAREC (June 2018), “Energy Sector Progress Report and Work Plan (June 2017–May 2018)”, The Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation, Available at:https://www.carecprogram.org/uploads/S3b_Energy-Sector-Progress-Report.pdf, Accessed on: 29 July 2018.
- CAREC (May 2016), “An Institutional Framework for Facilitating Economic Cooperation in the Central Asia Region”, The Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation, Available at: https://www.carecprogram.org/uploads/CAREC-Institutional-Framework-1.pdf, Accessed on: 18 August 2018.
- CAREC (May 2018), “Energy”, The Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation, Available at:https://www.carecprogram.org/?page_id=16, Accessed on: 20 August 2018.
- CAREC (October 2017), “CAREC 2030: Connecting the Region for Shared and Sustainable Development”, The Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation, Available at: https://www.carecprogram.org/uploads/2017-CAREC-2030.pdf, Accessed on: 10 August 2018.
- Cherp, A. and Jewell, J. (2014), “The Concept of Energy Security: Beyond the four as”, Energy Policy 75(2): 415–421.
- CSRS (2016), “Energy Situation in Afghanistan; TUTAP and CASA-1000”, Center for Strategic and Regional Studies, 8 May, Available at: http://csrskabul.com/en/blog/energy-situation-in-afghanistan-tutap-and-casa-1000/, Accessed on: 25 August 2018.
- Day, M. D., Shen, S., Xu, G., Zhang, F and Winston, R. L. (2018), “Weed Biological Control in the Greater Mekong Subregion: Status and Opportunities for the Future”, CAB Reviews 13(14): 1-12.
- ESCAP (2017), Asia-Pacific Progress in Sustainable Energy: A Global Tracking Framework 2017 Regional Assessment Report, Bangkok: United Nations publication.
- EurasiaNet (2018), “Turkmenistan's Plan B: Electricity Exports”, 28 February, Available at: https://eurasianet.org/turkmenistans-plan-b-electricity-exports, Accessed on: 24 August 2018.
- EWP (2012), “Strategy for Regional Cooperation in the Energy Sector of CAREC Countries”, The Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation, October, Available at: http://test0301en.carecprogram.org/uploads/CAREC-Energy-Sector-Coordinating-Committee-Work-Plan-2013-2015.pdf, Accessed on: 8 August 2018.
- EWP (2015), “Strategy and Work Plan (2016–2020) for Regional Cooperation in the Energy Sector of CAREC Countries”, The Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation, September, Available at:
https://policy.asiapacificenergy.org/sites/default/files/2015-SOM-September-Energy-Strategy-Draft.pdf, Accessed on: 8 August 2018.
- Fang, D., Shanshan, S. and Qian, Y. (2018), “Evaluation of Sustainable Energy Security and an Empirical Analysis of China”, Sustainability 10(3): 1-23.
- Haq, R. (2018), “Globalization Index: How Connected is Pakistan?”, PakAlumni Worldwide: The Global Social Network, 13 March, Available at: http://www.pakalumni.com/profiles/blogs/globalization-index-how-connected-is-pakistan, Accessed on: 12 August 2018.
- Jianzhong, X., Assenova, A. and Erokhin, V. (2018), “Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development in a Resource-Abundant Country: Challenges of Wind Power Generation in Kazakhstan”, Sustainability 10(2): 1-22.
- Kar, S. K. and Gupta, A. (2017), Natural Gas Markets in India: Opportunities and Challenges, Lucknow: Springer.
- Karimm, M. A. and Islam, F. (2018), “Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar (BCIM) Economic Corridor: Challenges and Prospects”, The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis 30(2): 283-302.
- Kerimkhanov, A. (2018), “TAPI, TAP Projects Discussed in Kabul”, Azer News, 12 November, Available at: https://www.azernews.az/region/140720.html, Accessed on: 13 November 2018.
- Laruelle, M. and Peyrouse, S. (2012), “Regional Organisations in Central Asia: Patterns of Interaction, Dilemmas of Efficiency”, Institute of Public Policy and Administration, Working Paper, No. 10, Available at:
https://www.ucentralasia.org/Content/Downloads/UCA-IPPA-WP-10-RegionalOrganizations.pdf, Accessed on: 11 August 2018.
- Libert, B., Orolbaev, E. and Steklov, Y. (2008), “Water and Energy Crisis in Central Asia”, China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly 6(3): 9-20.
- MOM (23 November 2013), “TAPI and ADB Signs Transaction Advisory Service Agreement”, Ministry of Mines and Petroleum, Available at: http://mom.gov.af/en/news/26741, Accessed on: 13 November 2018.
- O’Keeffe, A., Pryke, J. and Wurf, H. (2017), Strengthening the Asian Development Bank in 21st Century Asia, Sydney: Lowy Institute for International Policy.
- Pannier, B. (2016), “Russia Seeks to Drive Wedge into Central Asia”, Radio Free Europe, 5 January, Available at: https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-turkmenistan-uzbekistan-gas-wedge/27469287.html, Accessed on: 1 August 2018.
- Pueppke, S., Nurtazin, S., Graham, N. and Qi, J (2018), “Central Asia’s Ili River Ecosystem as a Wicked Problem: Unraveling Complex Interrelationships at the Interface of Water, Energy, and Food”, Water 10(5): 1-21.
- Putz, C. (2018), “CASA-1000 Creeps toward Construction Bridging Central and South Asia”, The Diplomat, 8 May, Available at:
https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/casa-1000-creeps-toward-construction-bridging-central-and-south-asia, Accessed on: 8 August 2018.
- Sovacool, B. K. (2012), “Energy Security: Challenges and Needs”, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment 1(1): 51–59.
- Stegen, K. S. (2011): “Deconstructing the ‘Energy Weapon’: Russia’s Threat to Europe as A Case Study”, Energy Policy 93(10): 6505-6513.
- WB (2018), “Electric Power Transmission and Distribution Losses”, The World Bank Group, 5 January, Available at:
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.LOSS.ZS?end=2014&locations=KG&start=2011, Accessed on: 23 August 2018.
)